acadeca: ideas

Amazing architecture…

Angkor Wat – It’s the largest temple in the world. Located in Cambodia, it was discovered hidden and abandoned in the jungle by a Portuguese monk. It is the pride of Cambodia and has inspired countless movies and novels including Tomb Raider.

Winchester House – It is a bizarre mansion in San Jose, California that was continually constructed for 38 years and is thought to be haunted. The building is famous for its enormous size and a bizarre stairs and doors that lead to nowhere.

Hydropolis – A 220 suites hotel, Hydropolis resides 66 feet below the surface of the Persian Gulf in Dubai. A connecting tunnel will transport people to the hotel from a land station. It will allow visitors to see underwater creatures. It is to be opened in 2009. Dubai is also constructing other notable structures like “The World”, a set of man-made island that is shaped like the continents.

The Lourve – Located in Paris, France, it is one of the most famous art museums in the world. It holds over 380,000 objects and displays Leonard da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. It receives more than 8 million visitors every year. The pyramid is the museum’s entrance.

Disney Concert Hall – The project was launched by Lillian Disney in 1987 and was completed in 2003. It costs an estimated $274 million. The walls of the Concert Hall attracted a lot of glare and sometimes heated up to 140 degrees but this was fixed by sanding the walls.

National Swimming Center – Nicknamed the “Water Cube”, the National Swimming Center is located in Beijing, China and is built of lightweight Teflon to make the building energy-efficient. It is scheduled for completion in 2008.

Chapter 3: The Expansion of New England

((skipping over to pg,. 49))

NEW ENGLAND SPREADS OUT
Conneticut river- hartford founded in 1635 by reverand thomas hooker and his group of boston puritans
3 years later, settlers of new conneticut river colony drafted the Fundamental Orders, a modern constitution that established a democratic regime controlled by citizens. Another conneticut settlement sprung up at New haven in 1638. It was founded by Puritans who wanted to make a seaport... but merged with more democratic connecticut as a result of Charles II.
In 1623, Sir Ferdinanando Gorges attempted to colonize land of lakes and foerst but was later absorbed by the masachussetts bay. However, in 1677, it was purchased from the Gorges heir and remained a part of massachusettes for fifty years after it became a seperate state.
New Hampshire also sprang from the fishing and trading activities along its coasgt and was absorbed in 1641 by the Bay Colony under the massachusettes charter. However, the king sperated it and made it into a royal colony.

PURITANS VS INDIANS
Spread of settlemetns led to clashes with the indians. An epidemic had already illed 75% of the inidans and deseerted indian fields greeted the plymouth settlers when they arrived.
The wampanoag indians befriended the settlers. One of these was Squanto.
The english settlers pushed inland and confrontations increased. In 1637 the English fought with the Pequot tribe and set fire to their village. The puritans tried to convert the remaining indians to christianity.
However, a pan-indian Alliance was established. In 1675, Metacom, Massasoit's (wampanoag cheiftain) forged an alliance and mounted assaults on english villages throughout new england. Fronteir settlements were hard hit and refugees fell back towards Boston for safety. After the war ended in 1676, 52 puritan towns were attacked a 12 were destroyed. Many were dead and indians were sold into slavery. Metacom was beheaded and displayed.
King Philip's WaR slowed the westward march of english settlement in new england for several decades and the war infliced at lasting dfeat on the indians.

SEEDS OF COLONIAL UNITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Four colonies banded together to form the NEw England Cnfederation. Old england was involved in civil wars and new england made the confederatino to defend against foes such as the indians, french, and gthe dutch. Each colony wielded two votes. The confederation was an exclusive puritan club and included two massachusetts colony, bay colony and plymouth and two connecticut colonies, new haven and valley settlemetns. The puritans blackballed rhode island and maine because they "harbored too many hertical" characters. However, it was a notable milestone on the road toward oclonial ujnity and delegates acted together in matters of intercolonial importance. Back in England, America was ignored (salutary neglect)
When Charls II was rewstored to the throne in 1660, royalidts and their church of england allies were more firmly in the saddle and puritan hopes of purifying the english church whithered and charles II was determined to manage the colonies.
But he was mortified to find that the royal orders had no more effect oe connecticut a sea-to-sea charter that legalized squatter settlemetns. Outcasts in Rhode Island received a new charter that give sanction to the most religiously tolerant government in America during the time, a crushing blow to the bay colony whoe charter was revoked by london authorities.

ANDROS PRMOTES THE FIRST AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Further humilation in 1686 when the Dominion of New England was created by royal authority. Contrary to the New England Confederation, it was imposed from london and expanded to include new york and easy and west jersey. It was aimed at bolstering colonial defense in the event of war with the indians from the viewpoint of parliament. It was also designed to promote urgently needed efficiency in administration of the english navigation laws that reflected intensifying colonial rivalries of the 17th century. The navigation laws sought to stitch england's overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by throttling american trade with countries not ruled by england.
The american chafed at such confinements resorted to smuggling.
At the head of the new dominion stood autocratic Sir Edmund Andros, an english military man who was tactless. He generated hostility by his affiliation with the church of england. His soldiers outraged colnists by teaching the people how to drink and curse.
Andros used a mailed fist and curbed cherished town meetings, laid heavy restrictions on courts, presses and schools, and revoked all land titles. He taxed them without consent of representatives and eforced the navigation law and suppressed smugglking. Colonists goaded to revolut because they were unaccustomed to such unusual priveliges.
During the Glorious Revolution, the ppl of england dethrone king james II and enthroned protestant rulers of the netherlands, william II andwife Mary, daughter of James II.. When news of this revolution reached the americas, the dominion collapsed and a boston mob rose against the existing regime. Sir edmund andros hastily went back to england.
In massachusetts, it was made into a royal colony with a new charter and governor and voting was to be enjoyed by all property holders instead.
Many americans striked againt the royal authority. New monarchs relaxed their grip on colonial trade. On the other hand, mroe english officials were staffed at the courts. They were incompetent and appointed by influential patrons in england and blocked the rise of local leaders to position sof politcal powers.

OLD NETHERLANDers at new NETHERLAND
The oppressed netherlanders rebelled against spain and with the aid of protestant england, they won their independence. During the era of Rembrandt, it was a golden age in dutch history and they began to challenge their benefactor england. 3 anglo-naval wars were fought and the dutch dealt hard blows.
They employed henry hudson, an english explorer and he ventured into the delaware bay and new yhork bay in 1609 and filed a dutch claim.
They established new amstredam that was run by stock holders. The appointed generals were despotic. It was very aristocratic and feudal states (patroonships) fronted the hudson river.

FRICTION WITH ENGLISH AND SWEDISH NEIGHBORS
Director generals were often incompetent and shareholders demanded dividends at expense fo the colony's welfare. The indians retaliated with massacres and a stout wall was erected by the dutch as a defense measure.
New england was hostile towards the Dutch and peopple of connecticut ejected hollanders. The Swedes trespassed on dutch preserves from 1638 to 1655 and planted a colony of new sweden on delaware river and following the 30 years war in wihich it's king carried the torch for protestantism, itentered the costly game in america.
The dutch dispatched a military expedition in 1655 with peter stuyvesant as its leader "Father Wooden eg" and swedish rule came to an abrupt end and its colony absorbed by new netherland.

DUTCH RESIDENTS IN NEW YORK
New Netherland layed under the meancing shadow of english colonies and was honeycombed with enw england immigrants. Soon the english outnumbered the dutch and in 1664, after the charles II granted the area to his brother, duke of york, an english squadron appeared off new amstredam and peter stuyvwsant was forced to surrender. So new amsterdam was now "new york". England won a harbor that was located in the middle of colonies and the english banner waved triumphantly. However an autocratic and aristrocratic sprit remained. The livingstons and de lanceys weilded power and their monpolistic land policies combined with lordly atmosphere discouraged immigrants.

PENN's HOLY EXPERIMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA
The quakers arose in england during the mid 1600s. In 1681, he secured a grant from the king in return for the debt owed to his deceased father. It was called "pennsylvania". It was the best advertised and pamplets about it wad distributed. Penn welcomed forward-looking spirits and substantial citizens. His liberal land policy encouraged substantial holdings was instrumental in attracting immigratns.

QUAKER PENNSYLVANNIA AND ITS NEIGHBORS
Penn launched his colony in 1681 and his task was simplified b squatters. Philadelpohia was established. Penn bought land from the indians and treated them fairly. Some tribes even migrated to pennsylvania. However, nonquaker immigrants flooded into the province and undermined the policy. colony was liberal and their was no tax supported state church. Freedom of worship was allowed bhut penn was forced to deny catholics and jews.
New jersey began in 1664.
Swedish-tinged delaware consisted of three counties. It was granted its own assembly in 1703 but remained under the governor of pennsylvania until the american revolution.

THE MIDDLE WAY IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES
The middle colonis new york, new jersey, delaware, and pennsylvania enjoyed:
Fertile soil, expanse of land, heavy exports of grain. Rivers tapped fur trade. Industry hummed in the middle colonies and forests abounded for lumbering and ship building. River estatuaries and landlocked harbors stimulated commerce and growth of seaports scuh as new york and phily. Even albany was a port.
The population was more ethnically mixed and ppl were blessed w/ religious toleration and democratic control. Economic and social democracy prevailed.

Chapter 2: Planting of English America Part 2

Continuing from pg. 36

COLONIZING THE CAROLINAS
Civil war in england during the 1640s. King Charles dismissed parliament in 1629 and recalled it in 1640. They beheaded king charles and put oliver cromwell as the ruler of england. He ruled for nearly a decade but Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660.

Colonization had been interrupted during this "bloody unrest". In the restoration period, empire building resumed with greater intensity and royal involvement. Carolina was named for Charles II and was created in 1670 after the king granted to his court favorites, the Lords Proprietors, an expanse of wilderness ribboning across the continent to the pacific. These aristocratic founders hoped to grow food to provision the sugar plantations in Barbados and export non english products like wine, silk, and olive oil.

Carolina devoloped close economic ties wi/ sugar islands of the english west indies. Many carolina settlers, in fact, had migated from Barbados brining its slave system with them. The Lords Proprietors in London protested against indian slave trading. In 1707, the savannah indians ended their alliance with the carolinians to migrate back to the backcoujuntry of maryland and pennsylvania founded by the quakers. Blood raids annihilated the indian tribes by 1710.

Rice emerged as the principal export crop in Carolina. However, rice was grown ikn Africa and the Carolinias payed premium prices for west african slaves experienced in rice cultivation. Their agricultural skill and immunity to malaria made them ideal laborers on the swampy rice plantations. Charles Town rapidly became the busiest seaport in the South and many sons of engilsh families deprived of inheritance came to charleston. French protestant refugess and others were attracted by religious toleration.

In Flordia, catholic Spaniards abhorred the intrusion of Protestant heretics and carolina's frontier was open aflame. Indians tried to wipe out Carolina but carolina was too strong.

THE EMERGENCE OF NORTH CAROLINA
The inhabitatns were poor but sturdy and earned a reputation for being irreligious and hospitable to pirates. They were isolated from neighbors and their location was between aristocratic virginia and south carolina. It was separated from south carolina in 1712 and shares with Rhode island several distinctions. They were most democratic, independent-minded, and least aristocratic of the original 13 colonies.

Although it did not import large numbers of slaves at first, it shared with southern carolina the ongoing tragedy of bloody relations between indians and europeans. They defeated the tuscaroras indians and sold them into slavery. Four years later, south carolinians defeated the yamasee indians and all coastal indian tribes had been devastated by 1720. However, the cherokees, creeks, and Iroquois remained and were stronger and more numerous than their coastal cousins.

LATE-COMING GEORGIA: THE BUFFER COLONY
Georgia was formally founded in 1733 and proved to be the last of the 13 colines to be planted. It was intended to be a buffer to protect carolinas against the spaniards from florida and the french from louisiana. It suffered much buffering but received moentary subsidies. It was named in honor of King George II of England and was launched by philanthropists. It also produced silk and wine. They were also determined to keep slavery out of Georgia. James Oglethorpe was interested in prison reform after one of his friends died in a debtors' jail and as a military leader, he repelled spanish attacks. Savannah was a melting pot community with german lutherans and scots highlanders. Christian worshipers except catholics enjoyed religious touleration. Missionaries armed with bibles arrived in savannah to work among debtors and indians. John Wesley was one of them who later returned to england and founded the methodist church. Georgia grew slowly and was the least populous. The devlopment of a plantation economy was thwarted by an unhealthy climate and restrictions on black slavery and by demoralizing spanish attacks.

THE PLANTATION COLONIES
Maryalnd, viriginia, norther carolina, south carolina and georgia were all devoted to exporting commercial agricultural products. Staple crops were rule notably tobacco and rice. Slavery was found in all plantation colines. Scattering of lantations and farms and retarded growth of cities made the establishment of churches and schools difficult and expensive. In 1671, the governor of virginia thanked god that no free schools or printing presses existed in his colony. All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration and the tax-supported church of england was the dominant faith. These colonies were in somedegree expansionary. "Soil butchery" by excessive tobacco growing drove settleres westward and the rivers invited penetration of the continent and continuing confrontation with native americans.

End of Chapter2

Chapter 2: The Planting of English America

Staring on page 25

While south america and profoundly transformed, North America remained largely unexplored and claimed by Europeans in the 1600. However 3 european powers had planted outposts in 3 distant corners: The Spanish in Santa Fe in 1610, the French at Quebec in 1608, and the English at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

ENGLAND's IMPERIAL STIRRINGS
England had little interest in establish its own overseas colonies. However, religious conflic disrupted England in mid-century after after King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s beginning the English Protestant Reformation. Catholics battled Protestants for decades and when Protestant elizabeth ascended to the throne in 1558, protestantism became dominant in England and rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified.

Iredland had been under English rule since the 12th century was an early scene of that rivalry when they sought help from Spain to throw the yoke of the new Protestant English queen. However, spanish aid never mounted to much and in 1570s and 1580s, Elizabeth's troops crusehd the irish uprising. The english crown confiscated catholic irish lands and planted them with enw protestant landlords from scotland and england.

ELIZABETH ENERGIZES ENGLAND
English buccaneers were encouraged by Queen Elizabeth to seek to promote the twin goals of protestantism and plunder by seizing spanish treasure ships and raiding spanish settlements. Francis Drake was one of these "sea dogs".

The coast of Newfoundland was the scene of the first English attempt and colonization. Its promoter Sir Humphrey Gilbert losts its life at sea in 1583 and the effort collapsed. However his half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh organized an expedition in 1585 on North Carolina's Roanoke Island of the coast of Virginia, a region name in honor of Elizabeth, the "virgin queen". However, it later disappeared

In Spain, Phillip II amassed an Armada of ships for an invasion of England. In 1588 the spanish flotilla hoved in the English Channel but the english sea dogs fought back. The Protestant wind crippled spanish fleet. The defeat of the spanish marked the beginning of the end of spanish imperial dreams. Much of the spanish caribbean would slip from spain's grasp.

England now had a vibrant sense of nationalism and national destiny. When england and spain finally signed a treat of peace in 1604, the english were poised to plunge headfirst into the planting of their own colonial empire in the new world.

ENGLAND ON THE EVE OF EMPIRE
England's population was growing during that time and many small farmers were forced off the land. In eastern and western england, puritanism had taken strong root. Economic depression hit the woolen trade in the late 1500s and thousands of farmers took to the roads. They were unemployed and ended up as beggers and paupers. Laws in england declared that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. Ambitious younger sons were forced to seek fourtunes elsewhere. In the early 1600s, joint-stock company was perfected and enabled a number of investors called adventurers to pool their capital.

Peace w/ spain provided england the opportunity for colonization. Unemployment as well as the thirst for adventure, markets, and religious freedom provided motives. Joint-stock companies provided finanical means.

ENGLAND PLANTS THE JAMESTOWN SEEDLING
In 1606, the hand of destiny beckoned toward Virginia. The Virginia Company of London,a joint-stock company, received a charter from King James I for a settlement in the New World. The main attraction was the promise of gold and desire to find a passage through America to the Indies. Because the Virgnia Comapny was intended to endure for only a few years, after which its stockholders hoped to liquidate it for a prfit, luckless colonists were threatened w/ abandonment in the whilderness if they didn't strike it rich quickly. Few thought in terms of long-term colonization.

The charter of the Virginia company guaranteed to the overseas settlers the same rights of Englishment that would have enjoyed if they had stayed at home. In the late 1606, the Virginia's Company's 3 ships landed near Cheasapeake Bay where they were attacked by Indians. They eventually chose a location on the wooded and malarial banks of the James River (in honor of King James I). It was mosquito-infested and unheathful and many disembarked. They called the place Jamestown.

Jamestown was a nightmare. Many died and many were shipwrecked. Settlers died of disease, malnutrition, and starvation. The woods rustled w/game and the rivers flopped with fish but the settlers were unaccustomed to that way of living because most were "gentlemen" who wasted time grubbing for nonexistant gold.

Capt John Smith forced the gold-hungry colonists to work because "he who shall not work shall not eat." In 1607, he was kidnapped by Powhatan ut was saved by Pocahontas who soon became an intermediary between the indians and the settlers helping to preserve a shaky peace. STill many colonists died. During the "starving time" of 1609 - 1610, only sixty survived.

CULTURAL CLASH IN THE CHESAPEAKE
When the english arrived in 1607, powhatan dominated the native people and asserted supremacy over a few small tribes called the powhatan's confederacy. Relations between the indians and the english was tense especially as colonists took to raiding indian food supplies.

After Lord De la Warr arrived in 1610, he carried orders from the virginia company and declared war against the indians . His troops raided the indian villages and torched their properties. A peace settlement was sealed by the marriage of pocahontas and john rolfe. However, indians pressed by the whites and diseases struck back in 1622 but were eventually defeated in 1644. In 1646, the chesapeake indians were banned from their ancestral lands and by 1685, the powhatan peoples were extinct.

Powhatan had fallen victim to the three D's: disease, disorganization and disposability. native peoples were extremely susceptible to European-borne maladies. The powhatans lacked the unity to make effective oppostition and the powhatans served no economic function for the virginia colonists. As far as the virginians were converned, the natives could be disposed of without harm to the colonial economy but they frustrated the colonists desire for LAND.

THE INDIAN's NEW WORLD
Native american life was disrupted. Many Indians moved to the Great Plains which was also catalyzed by horses. They thrived and adopted life as mounted nomadic hunters. Disease was the biggest disrupter, extinguishing entire cultures and shaped new ones.

Trade also transformed inidan life. Desire for firearms from the eruopeans intensified competition among tribes for access to prime hunting groudns that could supply skins and pelts that european arms traders wanted. The result was a cycle of inidan-on-indian violence fueld by demands of european trade goods.

One band of indians, resentful at prices offered by british traders for deerskins loaded canoes with hides and tried to paddle to england and sell their goods but their cargo was lost after a storm and a few survivors were picked up by an english ship and solid into slavery.

Farther inland, native peoples had the advantages of time, space, and numbers as they adapted to european incursions. As a result, british or french trader wanting to do business with tribes had to conform to indian ways often taking an indian wife.

VIRGINIA: CHILD OF TOBACCO
John Rolfe became father of the tobacco industry and economic savior of the viriginia colony. European demand was nearly insatiable and corps were planted in the streets of Jamestown. Because tobacco demanded more land, they expanded their land edging against the indians.

Tobacco promoted the borad-acred plntation system and a demand for labor. In 1619, a dutch warship appeared off Jamestown and sold twenty africans. For decades, a few blacks were bought in viriginia and enslaved. With slavery, self-governemnt was also born into Virginia. The london company allowed the settlers to summon an assembly called the house of burgesses.

As time passed, James I grew hostile towards Virginia and destested tobacco and distrusted the house of burgesses. In 1624, he revoked a charter of bankrupted making virginia a royal colony under his control.

MARYLAnD: CATHOLIC HAVEN
Maryland was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore of a prominent English catholic company. He embarked upon the venture to reap financial profits and to create a refuge for his fellow chatholics. Many catholics were still being persecuted in England. Colonists proved willing to come if they received land of their own. Soon they were disperesed aroujn dthe chesapeake on modest farms. They were surrounded by protestant planters in virginia flaring into open rebellion. The baltimore family lost its proprietary rights.

Despite this it blossomed but depended on labor. Many indentured servants worked there but black slaves were imported later. Lord Baltimore allowed freedom of worship and hoped that this would purchase toleration but protestants threatened to submrege the catholics and place restrictions on them. The catholics of maryland threw support behind the Act of Toleration passed in 1649. Maryland's statue guaranteed toleratiosn to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for Jews and atheists who denied Jesus.

THE WEST INDIES: WAY STATION TO MAINLAND AMERICA
The English were also colonizing the west indies. Spain relaxed its grip on the caribbean because it was distracted by the dutch. By the mid-17th century, England secured its claim to several islands including jamaica in 1655. Sugar formed the foundation of the west indian economy. Tobacco=chesapeake=poor / Sugar=caribbean=rich . The need for land and labor made sugar cultibation capital-intensive business. Only wealthy growers could succeed in sugar. They imported many african slaves and by 1700, black slaves outnumbered white setlers in the west indies. To control the population, english authorities devised "codes" taht defined a slave's legal status and master's prerogatives. The barbados slave code of 1661 denied fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters vitually complete control ov3r laborers.

Sugar-plantation systems soon crowded out all toher forms of caribbean agriculture. The west indies increasingly depended on norther american mailand for food and other supplies. Small english farmers began to migrate to the newly founded southern mailand colonies. A group of displaced english settlers from barbadoes arrived in carolina in 1670 bringing along a few slaves as well as barbados slave code eventually inspring statutes governing slavery throughout the mainland colonies. In 1696, the code was adopted in Carolina. This is equal to the encomienda system that the spanish had brought to the caribbean islands and southern america.

(Stopped on pg. 36)

Chapter 1: New World Beginnings Part 2

Resuming from pg. 17, the Spanish Conquistadores

Bartolome de Las Casa was appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola.

THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO
In 1519, Hernan Cortes sailed from Cuba with horses and men towards mexico. He picked up two interpreters and learned of unrest withing the Aztec empire. He also heard tales of wealth and lusted to tear up the Aztec kingdom. With inidan allies, he marched on Tenchtitlan. As Cortes was approaching, the cheiftain Moctezuma sent ambassadors bearing gifts to welcome the Spaniards who was believed to be the god Quetzcoatl. He allowed the conquistadores to approached the capital unopposed.

However, the Aztecs soon became sick of the Spanish's lust for gold and on the noche triste, they attacked the Spanish. Cortes laid siege to the city and it was capitulated on Aug 13, 1521. A smallpox epidemic burned through Mexico and the Aztec empire gave way to Spanish rule. Temples of Tenochtitlan were destroyed to make way for Christian cathedrals and the native population shrank from 20 million to 2 million.

The spanish also brought corps, animals, language, laws, customs, and religion to Mexico. They intermarried with the surviving Indians creating mestizos.

THE SPREAD OF SPANISH AMERICA
Hundreds of spnaish cities and towns flourished in the americas especially in the silver producing centers of peru and mexico. Millions of indians were subjugated. The first college was established in 1551. However, many powers were eager to bite off their share of promised wealth of the new lands. John Cabot of England explored the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498. The french king dispatched giovanni a Verrazano to probe the eastern seaboard in 1524. Jacques Carier journeyed up the St. Lawrence River.

The Spanish began to fortify and settle their North American borderlands to secure the northern periphery of their New World domain against encroachments and to convert Indians to christianity. The Roman Catholic mission became the central institution in colonial New Mexico but its efforts to suppress native religious customs provoked an indian uprising called Pope's Rebellion in 1680. The pueblo rebels destroyed every catholic church and killed priests and spnaish settlers. They rebuilt a kiva, or cermonial religious chamber on the ruins but the spanish later reclaimed New mexico from the Indians

Meanwhile, the everthreatening French had sent an expedition under Robert de La Salle down the Mississippi River in the 1680s, the Spanish began to establish some settlements in Texas in around 1716, including San Antonion also known as the Alamo but Spanish presence still remained weak in the distant northeastern outpost of Spain's mexican empire.

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo explored the California coast in 1542 but failed to find San Francisco bay or anythign else of interest. Two centuries thereafter, California was undisturbed. However in 1769, Spanish missionaries led by Father Junipero Serra founded San Diego and established a chain of 21 missions that wound up as far Sonoma, north of San Francisco Bay. Franciscan friars toiled with devotion to christianize 300,000 native Californians. They gathered the indians into missions and taught horticulture and basic crafts. These indians adopted christianity and lost contact with native cultures. They were also killed by disease.

Their misdeeds gave birth to a misconception called the "black legend" which held that the conquerors tortured and butchered the indians, stole their gold, infected them w/ smallpox, and left little but misery behind. This was party true but they also erected a empire that sprawled from California to Florida to Tierra del Fuego.

Clearly the Spaniards, who had more than a century's head s tart over the english, were genuine empire builders and cultural innovators in the New world. Compared w/ the English, their colonial establishment was larger and richer and destined to endure more than a quarter of a century longer. They paid the Native Americans the high compliment of fusing with them through marriage and incorporating indigenous culture into their own rather than shunning and isolating the indians as their english adversaries would do.

END of Chapter 1

Chapter 1: New World Beginnings

From the American Pageant book starting on pg. 4

The SHAPING OF NORTH AMERICA
225 million years ago, supercontient (pangea)
Terrain began to drift away opening the oceans. Shifting and folding = mountain ranges ex. the rockies, appalchians, sierra nevada, cascades, and coast ranges. "tidewater" regions. Great ice age - 2 million years ago. Glaciers retreat- 10,000 years ago. Lake formation and rivers drained to the ocean. Lake bonneville = HUGE! Now only the great salt lake remains.

People probably came here through the bering strait across a land bridge. When the ice age ended, the glaciers melted and the sea level rose again, causing the land bridge to disappear. These people migrated and reawched the tip of south america. Incas- peru, mayans-central america, and aztecs-mexico had sophisticated civilizations, advanced agricultural practices using maize. Large draft animals included horses and oxen helped people build elaborate cities carried on far-flung commerce. Mathematicians made accurate astronomical observations and the aztecs sought the favor of the gods by offer human sacrifices.

THE EARLIEST AMERICANS
Agriculture such as corn growing accounted for size/sophistication of native american civilizations. Wild grass was developed and cultivation of corn spread across americas from mexican heartland causing agricultural villages to develop. Corn planting reached america molding pueblo culture. They constructed intricate irrigation systems to water cornfields. However there were no dense populations or complex nation-states in north america. Mound Builders of the Ohio River Valley and mississippian culture of the midwest, and desert dwelling anasazi people of the southwest did develop larger settlements because of corn. Beans and squash also developed and rich diet = highest population densities.

Women tended the crops and men hunted. Matrilinear cultures, possessions passed down the female side of the family line. Native americans revered nature unlike the europeans. And because of their scarcity, the vast areas of america seemed to be untouched by human hands.

INDIRECT DISCOVERERS OF THE NEW WORLD
Norse seafarers reached north america in year 1000 and built flimsy settlements that were soon forgotten.

Later on, europeans sought contact w/ a wider world for conquest/ trade. So they led a drive toward asia, penetrated africa, and accidentally discovered america. Here is the chain of events

1) Christian crusaders tried to control the holy land and fought w/ the muslims. This introduced goods that have been unknown in Europe.
2) However, the luxuries in the East were expensive and had to be transported across enormous distances. and muslim middlemen charged a heavy toll SO european consumers were eager to find a less expensive route to Asia.
3) Marco Polo's book stimulated european desires for a cheaper route to the east as well.
4) Before, european sailors did not want to sail along the cost of west africa because of the strong currents
5) However, in 1450, the portugese developed the caravel and discovered that they could return to europe by sailing northwesterly from the african coast where westward breeds would carry them home
6) New world of sub-saharan africa was within grasp of the europeans. Trading posts were set up and purchase of gold and slaves occurred. Slaves worked in ports that the portugese had developed. The portugese still searched for water route to Asia. Bartholomeu Dias rounded africa in 1488 Vasco de Gama reached INdia and returned hom with jewels and spices.
7) Spain was united by the marriage of ferdinand and isabella. They were eager to out strip their portugese rivals. Because portugal had already controlled the east african coast and the gateway to the round-africa water route to india, they looked west.
8) In 1450, prining presses facilitated spread of scientific knowledges. Compasses borrowed from arabs eliminated uncertainties of the sea
9) Christopher columbus persuaded the spanish to give him 3 ships and set sail on 1492 westwards and caught sight of the bahamas while he was seeking a way towards india. He thought they were indians and thus the name. America is discovered.

WHEN WORLDS COLLIDE
Columbus bought horses and crops to the americas and indians suchas the apaches, sioux, and blackfoot adopted the horse. Seeds of the sugar cane were also brought and thrived in the warm caribbean climate. Sugar revolution forced the migration of millions of africans to work.
Smallpox and other diseases devastated native americans who had be isolated in the americas so they did not have the antibodies to protect themselves from those illnesses but they took revenge by injecting syphilis for the europeans.

THE CONQUISTADORES
Europeans realized that america was rich in gold and silver and spain claimed the americas with the treaty of tordesillas, dividing america between spain and portugal. Vasco Nunez Balboa, hailed as discoverer of the pacific ocean, claimied panama for the king along with all the land washed by the seas. Ferdinand magellan successfully circumnavigated the globe. Juan ponce de leon explored florida. Francisco Coronado wandered trhough arizona and new mexico. Hernando de soto seeked for gold in florida and discovered the missisippi. Francisco Pizarro crushed the incas of peru and added booty to spanish coffers. Precious metal flowed into europe increasing consumer costs by 500 percent. Some see this as fuel that fed capitalism. The West indies served as offshore bases where supplies could be stored. Institutions such as the encomienda were established.

stopped on pg. 17

AP US History: Chapter 1

Chapter 7 in the Princeton Review Book

The 17th and Early 18th Centuries

NATIVE AMERICANS
Before Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World - Precolumbian era
Native Americans - descendants of Asian migrants who traveled across the Bering Strait 20,000 to 40,000 years ago. The Native Americans respected nature and lived off their environment. They lived in independent tribes so they competed for natural resources. Because of the various tribes' rivalries, they were slow to unify against European settlers. They were mistakenly called "Indians".

SPAIN
Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492. However some have arrived to the New world before him including... the Norse who arrived in Canada in around 1000. However, they didn't have the technology and resources to establish colonies from home while Spain did. SO...Columbus opened the door to European expansion/colonialism. Spain became the colonial power. They had advanced weaponry and the conquistadors were ruthless. They also had a strong navy called the Spanish Armada. Coastal towns exported much of America's wealth. Natives were enslaved and their culture and the Spanish attempted to erase their culture and replace it with Catholicism. Many also died from smallpox. However, the Armada was defeated by the English in 1588 and french/english colonization was much easier.

THE ENGLISH ARRIVE
England tried to settle in N America in 1587. Sir Walter Raleigh sponsered a settlement on Roanoke Island (N Carolina). In 1590, the colony disappeared so it became known as the lost colony. In 1606, they settled Jamestown which was funded by a joint-stock company called the Virginia company who bought the right to establish plantations from the King. The only reason the colony survived was because Captain John smith imposed harsh martial law stating that, "He who will not work shall not eat." The starving time was during 1609 - 1610. The colony received helped from the Powhatan Confederacy who taught the English about crops. In 1614, Pocahontas married John Rolfe, easing tensions between the natives and the settlers. However, the English needed more land (to grow tobacco) and destroyed the Powhatan Confederacy in 1644.
John Rolfe introduced tobacco and was a huge success in England. Because it needed a lot of land / depleted soil quickly, there was rapid expansion. New settlements sprang up and the area became known as the Chesapeake Bay Area composing of Virginia and maryland.
Many came due to financial reasons. Overpopulation in England = famine, disease, and poverty. So, many were attracted to the New World by indentured servitude. It was when servants promised 7 years' labor for freedom and free passage. They also received property w/ their land so that they could survive and vote. HOWEVER, half of the indentured servants died. In 1619, Virginia also established the House of Burgesses in which any white male could vote. That year was the beginning of democracy and slavery.

THE PILGRIMS AND THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COMPANY
Puritanism arose during the 16th century. They wanted to "purify" the corrupt Anglican church. They were persecuted and wanted to practice their faith somewhere else. One group of Puritans, Separatists, left England and set sail for the New World in 1620 on the Mayflower. They arrived in Massachusetts during the winter and decided to settle there calling it Plymouth.
The Pilgrims signed an agreement that established a "body politic" that was a basic legal system for the colony. It was called, THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT. It created legal authority and an assembly and also was important because it asserted that the gov't's power came from the consent of the governed and not from God as monarchists and Absolutists believed.
The Pilgrims receieved assistance from Native Americans including Squanto who spoke English who taught them about crops. In 1629, Massachusetts Bay was established by Congregationalists, puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within. This was known as the "Great Puritan Migration" lasting from 1629 to 1642. It was led by Governor John Winthrop and Massachusetts bay developed along Puritan ideals who believed that they had a convenant with God that said that the government was to be a convenant among the ppl and work was to serve a communal ideal and a true church was always served. This is why they were intolerant of others' beliefs/
ROGER WILLIAMS, lived in Salem Bay and taught that church and state should be separate. He was banished and moved to present-day Rhode Island where he found a new colony that allowed free exercise of religion and did not require voters to be church members.
Anne Hutchinson believed in antinomianism that faith was God's grace opposed to observance of moral law and performance of good deeds. She challenged puritan beliefs. The fact that she was a woman also turned many against her. She was tried for heresy and banished.
Puritan emigration came to a halt between 1649 and 1660. During Oliver Cromwell's reign, there was a culmination of ENGLISH CIVIL WARs, in which the puritans won. He ruled England as a republic complete with a constitution. His death resulted in the INTERREGNUM in which the puritans had little motive to move to the New World because everything they wanted was available to them. After the restoration of the stuarts, emigration began again and they brought w/ them republican ideals of the revolution.
Chesapeake/New England were different. Families emigrated to NewENgland while single males emigrated to Chesapeake. The climate in new england was also more hospitable so they lived longer and had larger families. Stronger sense of community/absence of cash crop = larger settlements while the Chesapeake lived in smaller, more spread-out communities. New englanders were more religious.

OTHER EARLY COLONIES
The conneticut valley was fertile and bordered the sea was already inhabited by the pequots who resisted english incursions. They attacked a settlement in Wakefield and killed 9 colonists and the massachusetts bay colony retaliated killing more than 400 people during the PEQUOT WAR.
Other colonies were proprietorships, owned by 1 person and received from the king as a gift. Connecticut received its charter in 1635 and Maryland was another granted to Cecilius Calvert who declared Maryland a haven of religious tolerance for Christians and became a major Catholic enclave.
New York was a gift to James, the king's brother. It was already inhabited by the Dutch in New Netherland but it was unimportant to the Dutch. When the English arrived, they surrendered without a fight. The king also gave New Jersey to some friends, many of whom were Quakers.
The Quakers recieved their own colony. William Penn, a quaker, was a friend of king charles II and was granted Pennsylvania. Even though Quakers and Anglicans were enemies, their friendship along with his desire to export Quakers from England prevailed. Penn established liberal policies toward religious freedom and civil liberties in his colony. So Pennsylvania was one of the fastest growing of the early colonies. Native Americans were also treated more fairly but his attitude attracted tribes and european settlers who bullied tribes off their land.
Carolina was split in two. South Carolina people from the Caribbean settled in Barbados- sugar. There was widespread slavery here.

SLAVERY
Before = indentured servants. However tobacco and rice farming became more widespread. Bacon's Rebellion also showed landowners that it was not their best interest to have indentured servants. Enslaving natives was difficult because they knew the land SO they turned to african slaves. They did not the land and were therefore less likely to escape. They were removed from their land and were unable to communicate w/ one another because they were from different regions of africa. English also considered dark skin an inferiority so this rationalized their enslavement.
shipping route that brought slaves to the americas was called the Middle Passage because it was the middle leg of the TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTE. Many died of sickness on board.
Slavery flourished in the South because of labor intensive crops such as tobacco, rice and indigo. Plantation owners brought slaves for this work and their treatment was vicious and sadistic. In the north they were used as domestic servants.